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|italics=off}} |common_name = Pakistan |image_flag = Flag of Pakistan.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Pakistan.svg |symbol_type = Emblem |image_map = Pakistan (orthographic projection).svg |map_caption = Area controlled by Pakistan shown in dark green; claimed but uncontrolled territory shown in light green. |map_width = 220px |national_motto = |national_anthem = File:National anthem of Pakistan.OGG |official_languages = Urdu (official)〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=PM approves implementation of Urdu language in govt departments - Pakistan - Dunya News )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=PM, president to deliver speeches in Urdu on foreign trips, SC told )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Govt. submits plan to Supreme Court to promote Urdu as official language )〕 English (co-official) |languages_type=Regional languages |languages=Punjabi, Pashto, Sindhi, Saraiki, Balochi, Kashmiri, Brahui, Hindko, Shina, Balti, Khowar, Burushaski Yidgha, Dameli, Kalasha, Gawar-Bati, Domaaki〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.census.gov.pk/MotherTongue.htm )〕〔 |religion = Islam |demonym = Pakistani |capital = Islamabad |latd=33 |latm=40 |latNS=N |longd=73 |longm=10 |longEW=E |largest_city = Karachi |government_type = Federal parliamentary republic |leader_title1 = President |leader_name1 = Mamnoon Hussain |leader_title2 = Prime Minister |leader_name2 = Nawaz Sharif |leader_title3 = Chief Justice |leader_name3 = Anwar Zaheer Jamali |leader_title4 = Chairman of the Senate |leader_name4 = |leader_title5 = Speaker of the National Assembly |leader_name5 = |legislature = ''Majlis-e-Shoora'' |upper_house = Senate |lower_house = National Assembly |sovereignty_type = Independence |sovereignty_note = from the United Kingdom |established_event1 = 〔 Ehsan Rashid explains how concept of Pakistan and Iqbal's Allahabad address are interlinked.〕 |established_date1 = 29 December 1930 |established_event2 = |established_date2 = 28 January 1933 |established_event3 = |established_date3 = 23 March 1940 |established_event4 = Dominion |established_date4 = 14 August 1947 |established_event5 = Islamic Republic |established_date5 = 23 March 1956 |established_event6 = |established_date6 = |area_km2 = 796,095 |area_sq_mi = 307,374 |area_footnote = |area_rank = 36th |area_magnitude = |percent_water = 3.1 |population_estimate = 199,085,847〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=U.S. and World Population Clock )〕 |population_estimate_year = 2015 |population_estimate_rank = 6th |population_density_km2 = 260.8 |population_density_sq_mi = 675.6 |population_density_rank = 55th |GDP_PPP_year = 2015 |GDP_PPP = |GDP_PPP_rank = 26th |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $4,902〔 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 136th |GDP_nominal = |GDP_nominal_rank = 42nd |GDP_nominal_year = 2015 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $1,427.08〔 |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 153rd |Gini_year = 2008 |Gini_change = |Gini = 30.0 |Gini_ref = 〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Gini Index )〕 |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = 2013 |HDI_change = steady |HDI = 0.537 |HDI_ref = |HDI_rank = 146th |currency = Pakistani rupee (₨) |currency_code = PKR |time_zone = PKT |utc_offset = +5 |utc_offset_DST = +6b |drives_on = left |calling_code = +92 |cctld = .pk |footnote_a = See also Pakistani English. |footnote_b = Not always observed; see Daylight saving time in Pakistan. | website = }} Pakistan ( or ; ALA-LC: , ), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ( ALA-LC: ), is a sovereign country in South Asia. With a population exceeding 199 million people,〔 it is the sixth most populous country and with an area covering 796,095 km2 (), it is the 36th largest country in the world in terms of area. Pakistan has a coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west, Iran to the southwest and China in the far northeast respectively. It is separated from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north, and also shares a maritime border with Oman. The territory that now constitutes Pakistan was previously home to several ancient cultures, including the Mehrgarh of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation, and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures, including Hindus, Indo-Greeks, Muslims, Turco-Mongols, Afghans and Sikhs. The area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Indian Mauryan Empire, the Persian Achaemenid Empire, Alexander of Macedonia, the Arab Umayyad Caliphate, the Mongol Empire, the Mughal Empire, the Durrani Empire, the Sikh Empire and the British Empire. As a result of the Pakistan Movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the subcontinent's struggle for independence, Pakistan was created in 1947 as an independent nation for Muslims from the regions in the east and west of Subcontinent where there was a Muslim majority. Initially a dominion, Pakistan adopted a new constitution in 1956, becoming an Islamic republic. A civil war in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh. Pakistan is a federal parliamentary republic consisting of four provinces and four federal territories. It is an ethnically and linguistically diverse country, with a similar variation in its geography and wildlife. A regional and middle power, Pakistan has the seventh largest standing armed forces in the world and is also a nuclear power as well as a declared nuclear-weapons state, being the only nation in the Muslim world, and the second in South Asia, to have that status. It has a semi-industrialised economy with a well-integrated agriculture sector, its economy is the 26th largest in the world in terms of purchasing power and 45th largest in terms of nominal GDP and is also characterized among the emerging and growth-leading economies of the world. The post-independence history of Pakistan has been characterised by periods of military rule, political instability and conflicts with neighbouring India. The country continues to face challenging problems, including overpopulation, terrorism, poverty, illiteracy, and corruption. Despite these factors it maintains strategic endowments and development potential while it has made substantial progress in reducing poverty giving it the second lowest headcount poverty rate in South Asia.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Pakistan Overview )〕 It is ranked 16th on the 2012 Happy Planet Index,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Pakistan among top 20 happiest countries, beating India, US: Report )〕 while its stock exchange has been among the highest performing in Asia.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Bloomberg ranks Pakistan among world’s top ten stock market performers )〕 It is a member of the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, the Next Eleven Economies, Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, ECO, UfC, D8, Cairns Group, Kyoto Protocol, ICCPR, RCD, UNCHR, Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, Group of Eleven, CPFTA, Group of 24, the G20 developing nations, ECOSOC, founding member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, SAARC and CERN.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Thumbs up: Pakistan meets criteria for CERN )〕 ==Etymology== The name ''Pakistan'' literally means "Land of the Pure" in Urdu and Persian. It comes from the word ''pāk'' meaning ''pure'' in Persian and Pashto while the word ''istān'' is a Persian word meaning ''place of''; it is a cognate of the Sanskrit word ''sthāna'' (Devanagari: (:st̪ʰaːnə)).〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Monier-Williams Sanskrit Dictionary )〕 It was coined in 1933 as ''Pakstan'' by Choudhry Rahmat Ali, a Pakistan Movement activist, who published it in his pamphlet ''Now or Never'', using it as an acronym ("thirty million Muslim brethren who live in PAKSTAN") referring to the names of the five northern regions of the British Raj: Punjab, Afghania, Kashmir, Sindh, and Baluchistan". The letter ''i'' was incorporated to ease pronunciation and form the linguistically correct and meaningful name. ==History== (詳細はウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pakistan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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